The Cherokee Nation, known as one of the “Five Civilized Tribes”, holds a rich and complex history within the United States. Its people have stood as symbols of resilience and survival despite numerous instances of displacement and cultural disruption. Today, the Cherokee’s enduring legacy continues to play an integral role in shaping American history, influencing contemporary debates around Native sovereignty, and providing an in-depth understanding of tribal cultures. This article aims to unravel the intricate facets of Cherokee culture, its long history, the survival of traditions, and its evolving contemporary life.
Historical Background
Rooted in the Southeastern United States, the Cherokee existed long before the European colonization, with their origin stories tracing back more than a thousand years. Their civilization was vast and well organized, spreading across the present-day states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee[^1^]. They lived in towns and had a developed societal structure built around their belief systems, family lineages, crafts, food, and trade.
However, their peaceful existence was disrupted with the arrival of European settlers. The infamous “Trail of Tears” in the 1830s became an ineffaceable mark in Cherokee history, where thousands of Cherokees were forcibly evicted from their land and made to march westward to Indian Territory (Oklahoma), causing substantial loss of life[^2^].
Cherokee Society and Belief
Cherokee culture was built around a matrilineal system, where lineage and clan affiliations were traced through mothers rather than fathers. Seven clans constitute the Cherokee people: Bird, Paint, Deer, Long Hair, Blue, Wolf, and Wild Potato. Each clan holds its distinct myth, symbol, and responsibilities within the tribal community.
The Cherokees held a complex view of the universe intertwined with spiritual beliefs. They believed in the existence of a different world above the sky vault and a world beneath the earth. Numerous spirits and supernatural beings underlie their mythology, which held teachings about moral behavior, gratitude, and respect for the natural world. Ceremonies and festivals were central parts of their spirituality.
Cherokee Language and Art
Language plays a significant role in shaping Cherokee culture. Sequoyah, a Cherokee silversmith, invented a syllabary (Cherokee Alphabet) in the 1820s that led to widespread literacy among the tribe, facilitating cultural preservation.
Cherokee art highlights their expertise in pottery, beadwork, and basket making. They used materials available around their established territories such as river cane, clay, and stone. Their unique expression of art, filled with symbolism and intricate patterns, is a reflection of their connection with nature and the spirit world.
Resilience and Contemporary Culture
Today, the Cherokee culture continues to thrive and adapt. Increasing efforts are made to revive the language, with its teaching in schools and universities. The tribe has not only maintained their traditions, art, and festivals but also integrated themselves into modern-day societal structures. They run successful businesses and promote tourism, inviting visitors to explore Cherokee heritage. As one of the largest tribes in the U.S., they play an essential role in influencing national decisions relating to tribal rights, sustainability, and cultural preservation.
Conclusion
Cherokee culture, steeped in a compelling mix of spirituality, art, language, and socio-political structure, continues to influence American indigenous culture and history at large. The resilience and adaptability of the Cherokee people stand testament to their commitment to preserving their culture and their fierce spirit of survival against innumerable adversities.
[^1^]: Mooney, J. (1900). Myths of the Cherokee. In Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Smithsonian Institution.
[^2^]: Ehle, J. (1988). Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. Anchor Books.